Particularly, we study the problem of automated validation of crash consistency, i.e., file system data safety when systems crash. Software should behave correctly even in adverse conditions. BetrFS 0.4 outperforms BetrFS 0.3, as well as traditional file systems, such as ext4, Extents File System (XFS), and Z File System (ZFS), across a variety of workloads. This new version, BetrFS 0.4, performs recursive greps 1.5x faster and random writes 1.2x faster than BetrFS 0.3, but renames are competitive with indirection-based file systems for a range of sizes. We implemented this mechanism in B&egr -trees File System (BetrFS), an in-kernel, local file system for Linux. This mechanism is encapsulated in the key-value Application Programming Interface (API) and simplifies the overall file system design. The article introduces a range-rename mechanism for efficient key-space changes in a write-optimized dictionary. This article shows how to use full-path indexing in a file system to realize fast directory scans, writes, and renames. Prior results indicate, however, that renames in a local file system with full-path indexing are prohibitively expensive. Full-path indexing can improve I/O efficiency for workloads that operate on data organized using traditional, hierarchical directories, because data is placed on persistent storage in scan order.
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